By the end of the 1st millennium ad constant wars between the different kingdoms of Hindustan made the country vulnerable to outside attack. Early in the 11th century northern India found itself the object of ruinous raids by several Muslim-Turkic rulers. The first of them worth mentioning is Mahmud of Ghazni, who made 17 raids on India during his rule (998-1030). The next significant figure was Muhammad of Ghur (r.1173-1206), who conquered northern India and established control over areas earlier dominated by the Rajputs. Muhammad of Ghur was succeeded by his slave, Qutb-ud-din Aibak (r.1206-10), who founded the first of the five Muslim dynasties, collectively known as the Delhi Sultanate. He made Delhi (then known as Dhillika or Dhilli) his capital and laid the foundations of the famous Qutb Minar complex. Throughout the 13th century the Mongols made frequent raids on northern India and the Delhi sultans were so involved in opposing them that expanding the borders of the sultanate was almost impossible.
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